VitaminMD

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B remains the most common form of chronic viral hepatitis throughout the world, although immunization programs have reduced the number of cases in the United States. During World War II, doctors recognized that some patients developed hepatitis after receiving injections or blood transfusions. They realized that the infection spreads through contact with infected blood, and called the infection hepatitis B. However, with improved testing methods, it is now extremely rare to contract hepatitis B through a blood transfusion.

In the United States, hepatitis B typically is spread during sexual activity and through needle sharing among intravenous drug users. The virus also can be transmitted by sharing razors or when being pierced or tattooed in facilities with poor sanitary conditions.

In developing countries, the virus commonly is passed from mother to infant at the time of delivery. It also is spread through contaminated blood transfusions. Worldwide, health care workers continue to be at risk of hepatitis because they are exposed to infected patients, although immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine has decreased the rate of infection in this group.

The hepatitis B virus can cause short-term (acute) hepatitis, which may or may not cause symptoms. Most people will clear the virus from their systems, but a minority will develop a long-term infection called chronic hepatitis, in which the symptoms of hepatitis tend to fluctuate and often disappear only to reemerge at a later time. People with chronic hepatitis remain infectious, and can pass on the virus to others. Some people are not able to rid their body of the infection, but they do not have any symptoms of disease. They are called carriers, and can pass the infection to others.

The initial symptoms of short-term hepatitis B vary, and can include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Fever

These symptoms may be followed by jaundice, an abnormal accumulation of the chemical bilirubin in the blood, which causes yellowing of the eyes and skin, as well as a darkening of the urine.
Other symptoms of hepatitis can include:

• Itching
• Weight loss
• Abdominal pain
• Sleep disturbance
• Loss of sex drive

Most people recover from short-term hepatitis and are no longer infected with the virus when their illness ends. However, up to 10% of adults may develop long-term (chronic) hepatitis. If an infant is infected with hepatitis B at the time of birth, the infant usually doesn't have any symptoms, but has a greater-than-90% risk of developing a chronic infection.

People with long-term hepatitis may be free of symptoms for long periods, but there is a tendency for relapses to occur, resulting in such symptoms as:

• Fatigue
• Yellow skin (jaundice)
• An ill feeling (malaise)
• Decreased appetite
• Aching joints

A small number of people with chronic hepatitis develop liver cirrhosis. They may develop symptoms of advanced liver disease, including jaundice, fluid accumulation within the abdominal cavity (ascites), swelling of the legs (edema), confusion and gastrointestinal bleeding. People with hepatitis B who develop cirrhosis are at risk of developing liver cancer.

Your doctor will ask about any potential exposures to hepatitis, including your past and present history of illegal drug use and unprotected sexual activity. Your doctor will examine you, looking at your skin and eyes, and at your abdomen for evidence of fluid accumulation and to estimate the size of your liver.

Your doctor will order blood tests to check the function of your liver, including measurements of bilirubin, which is associated with jaundice, and liver aminotransferase enzymes. High levels of these enzymes generally indicate that the liver is inflamed. Blood tests for levels help determine how severely the liver is damaged.

The diagnosis can be confirmed with blood tests to detect the presence and number of virus particles themselves or antibodies, which are proteins produced by your immune system to attack the hepatitis B virus. People who have completely recovered from an acute hepatitis B infection usually will have detectable levels of antibodies in their blood, but no detectable viral particles. People with an active infection - either an acute infection or chronic disease ? usually will have detectable levels of viral particles in their blood.

If your doctor suspects that you have significant liver damage, he or she will likely recommend a liver biopsy to determine whether you are developing signs of liver cirrhosis. In a biopsy, a small amount of tissue is removed and examined in a laboratory.

Most people who recover from an acute infection do so within 2 to 12 weeks. Although people may feel well during this time, blood tests can take up to 3 to 4 months to produce normal results.

Chronic hepatitis B can be treated with a variety of medications, although it rarely is cured.

You can prevent hepatitis B infection by avoiding situations that can lead to exposure to the virus, such as sharing needles for injecting intravenous drugs and having unprotected sex. In the United States, a safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine is offered routinely to all children.

This vaccine, given as a series of three injections, offers more than 90% protection against hepatitis B. Adults at high risk of exposure, including medical personnel, also should be immunized.

There is no treatment for acute hepatitis B, other than treating the symptoms. In rare cases, an episode of acute hepatitis can be unusually severe and may require hospital treatment. A very small number of people will develop liver failure and require a liver transplant to prevent death.

Not all people with chronic hepatitis B require treatment. Antiviral medications such as interferon (Intron-A), lamivudine (Epivir) and adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera) may be used for a person whose blood contains viral particles, if his or her liver biopsy shows evidence of significant inflammation or scarring of the liver. People with signs of chronic liver disease that continue to get worse can be considered for a liver transplant. Although this procedure can be life saving, the new liver eventually becomes infected with hepatitis B in most cases.

Call your doctor if you develop symptoms of hepatitis. If you develop severe symptoms, you may require hospital treatment. If you know you have a chronic hepatitis B infection and you develop symptoms of advanced liver disease, such as swelling in your abdomen and legs, confusion or jaundice (yellow skin), seek immediate medical attention.

Severe acute hepatitis B can occur in about 1% of cases, and often is linked to the simultaneous transmission of another hepatitis virus, called hepatitis delta virus. Death rates in these rare cases of severe disease can exceed 80%. In most other cases of less severe hepatitis B, people recover completely after the short-term infection, except for the small percentage of patients who go on to develop chronic hepatitis.

In people with chronic hepatitis B, the outlook depends upon the severity of chronic liver inflammation, which can be determined through a liver biopsy. People with mild liver damage have a good prognosis, though some eventually develop cirrhosis or cancer. People with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis have a poorer prognosis, with a 55% chance of dying within 5 years.